Los espacios ciudadanos como ámbitos de comunicación para la justicia medioambiental en la gobernanza del cambio climático: el caso de los proyectos Ngoyla-Mintom en Camerún

Contenido principal del artículo

Eric Ewoh Opu

Resumen

Este artículo examina la naturaleza y el papel de los espacios orgánicos liderados por los ciudadanos como espacios comunicativos de cambio en la gestión de los recursos naturales relacionados con el cambio climático; específicamente en los proyectos de gestión forestal sostenible de Ngoyla-Mintom, en el este de Camerún. Se examina cómo las prácticas comunicativas deliberativas derivadas de los espacios orgánicos creados por las comunidades locales y las ONG permitieron la promoción de políticas a través de "la movilización del disenso" en los proyectos. El documento pone de relieve una tendencia creciente en la comunicación para el cambio social, en la que los ciudadanos de a pie son cada vez más expertos en articular sus preferencias desde espacios auto-organizados tanto offline como online. Los datos indican que los "espacios invitados" implícitos en el paradigma de la participación en la comunicación para el desarrollo ya no parecen ser los escenarios en los que las trayectorias del cambio social se elaboran mediante el "diálogo" y el "consenso", como se ha dado a entender hasta ahora. Más bien, las trayectorias del cambio social se ven cada vez más influidas y moldeadas, a veces enérgicamente, por ciudadanos movilizados desde dentro de espacios creados/orgánicos fuera de los espacios invitados tradicionales. Tales conclusiones son significativas para la forma en que conceptualizamos el papel de los espacios en la comunicación para el cambio social.

Biografía del autor/a

Eric Ewoh Opu, ,Loughborough University

Doctor en Desarrollo Internacional por la Universidad de East Anglia.

Ha impartido clases sobre medios de comunicación, comunicación y desarrollo internacional en la Universidad de East Anglia y en la Universidad de Loughborough, Londres. 

Citas

Adger, W. N., Benjaminsen, T. A., Brown, K. and Svarstad, H. (2001). Advancing a Political Ecology of Global Environmental Discourses. Development and Change, No 32, pp. 681-715.

Agyemang, K.J., Singer, J.N., and Weems, A.J. (2020). ‘Agitate! Agitate! Agitate!’: Sport as a site for political activism and social change. Organization, 27, pp. 952 - 968.

Arnstein, R. S. (1969). A Ladder of Citizen Participation. Journal of American Institute of Planners, Vol 35 pp. 216-224.

Attride-Stirling, J. (2001). Thematic Networks: An Analytic Tool for Qualitative Research. Qualitative Research 1 (3), pp. 385-405

Beck, U., Blok, A., Tyfield, D., and Zhang, J. Y. (2013). Cosmopolitan Communities of Climate Risk: Conceptual and Empirical Suggestions for a New Research Agenda. Global Networks 13, 1, pp. 1–21.

Bessette, G. (2004). Involving the Community: A Guide to Participatory Development Communication. International Development Research Centre.

Brand, U. (2010). Sustainable Development and Ecological Modernization: The Limits of Hegemonic Policy Knowledge. Innovation: The European Journal of Science Research. 23:2, pp. 135-152.

Brock, K., Cornwall, A. and Gaventa, J. (2001). Power, Knowledge and Political Spaces in the Framing of Poverty Policy. IDS Working Paper 143. IDS.

Burns, D., Hambleton, R., and Hoggett, P. (1994). The Politics of Decentralization: Revitalizing Local Democracy: Revitalizing Local Government. Palgrave Macmillan.

Carpentier, N. (2011). Media and Participation: A Site of Ideological-Democratic Struggle. Intellect.

Castells, M. (2012). Networks of Outrage and Hope - Social Movements in the Internet Age. Wiley.

Chambers, R. (1997). Whose Reality Counts? Putting the First Last. Intermediate Technology Publications.

Colding, J., Folke, C. and Elmqvist, T. (2003). Social Institutions in Ecosystem Management and Biodiversity Conservation. Tropical Ecology 44(1), pp. 25-41.

ComDev (2014). Mainstreaming Communication for Development in Policies and Programmes. Report of the 13th Round Table on Communication for Development. Rome.

Cornwall, A. (2002). Making Spaces, Changing Places: Situating Participation in Development. IDS Working Paper 170. Institute of Development Studies.

Cornwall, A. (2004). Introduction: New Democratic Spaces? The Politics and Dynamics of Institutionalized Participation. IDS Bulletin 35:2. IDS.

Dagron, A. G. (2009) Playing with Fire: Power, Participation, and Communication for Development. Development in Practice, Vol. 19, No. 4/5, pp. 453-465.

Dutta, M. J. (2011). Communicating Social Change: Structure, Culture, and Agency. Taylor & Francis.

Enghel, F. and Noske-Turner, J. (2018). Communication in International Development: Doing Good or Looking Good? Routledge.

Ferrari, C. A. (2010). Communicating Climate Change, REDD and Political Ecology: A global land question and prospects for agroecology. 9th European IFSA Symposium, 4-7 July 2010, Vienna.

Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the Oppressed. Penguin Books.

Fung, A. and Wright, E. O. (2001). Deepening Democracy: Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance. Politics and Society, Vol 9, No 1, pp. 5-41.

Gaventa, J. (2006). Finding Spaces for Change: A Power Analysis. IDS Bulletin Volume 37 Number 6. IDS.

Gaventa, J. (2004). Towards Participatory Governance: Assessing the Transformative Possibilities. In Hickey, S. and Mohan, G. (2004). Participation - From Tyranny to Transformation: Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development. Zed Books.

Hajer, M. A. (1995). The Politics of Environmental Discourse: Ecological Modernization and the Policy Process. Oxford University Press.

Hulme, M. (2007) Geographical Work at the Boundaries of Climate Change. Journal Compilation, Royal Geographical Society (The Institute of British Geographers).

Hulme, M. (2010). Cosmopolitan Climates: Hybridity, Foresight and Meaning. Theory, Culture & Society, 27, pp. 267–276. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263276409358730

Jacobson, T. L. (2016). Amartya Sen’s Capabilities Approach and Communication for Development and Social Change. Journal of Communication 66, pp. 789–810.

Kothari, U. (2001). Power, Knowledge and Social Control in Participatry Development. In Cooke, B. & Kothari, U. (2001). Participation: The New Tyranny? ZED Books.

Lefebvre, H. (1974). The Production of Space. USA: Blackwell.

Martinez-Alier, J. (2014). The Environmentalism of The Poor. Geoforum, 54, 239–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.04.019

McAnany, E. G. (2012). Saving the World: A Brief History of Communication for Development and Social Change. University of Illinois Press.

McGee, R. (2004). Unpacking Policy: Actors, Knowledge and Spaces. In Gaventa, J. (2006) Finding Spaces for Change: A Power Analysis. IDS Bulletin Volume 37 Number 6. IDS.

Melkote, S. R. and Steeves, H. L. (2015). Communication for Development: Theory and Practice for Empowerment and Social Justice. SAGE.

Morris, N. (2003). A Comparative Analysis of the Diffusion and Participatory Models in Development Communication. Communication Theory, Volume13, Issue 2, Pages 225-248.

Padilla-Murcia, E.; Luque-Forero, A. C., & Daza-Orozco, C.E. (2022). Higher education: sustainability and innovative practices. Polinter.

Quarry, W. and Ramirez, R. (2009) Communication for Another Development, Listening Before Telling. Zed Books.

Rosenau, J. N. (2003). Distant Proximities: Dynamics beyond Globalization. Princeton University Press.

Servaes, J. and Malikhao, P. (2005). Participatory Communication: The New Paradigm? In Media & Glocal Change: Rethinking Communication for Development. CLACSO

Tufte, T. (2017). Communication and Social Change: A Citizen Perspective. Polity Press.

Tufte, T. and Mefalopulos, P. (2009). Participatory Communication: A Practical Guide. World Bank Working Paper 170. The World Bank.

Waisbord, S. (2005). Five key Ideas: Coincidences and Challenges in Development Communication, in Media and Glocal Change - Rethinking Communication for Development, Nordicom.

Waisbord, S. (2015) Three Challenges for Communication and Social Change. Communication Theory 25 144-165.

Weedon, C. (1987). Feminist Practice and Poststructuralist Theory. Blackwell.

Wilkins, K. G. (2014) Emerging Issues in Communicating Development and Social Change. In Tufte, T., Obregon, R. and Wilkins, K.G. Chichester (Eds.). The Handbook of Development Communication and Social Change. Wiley Blackwell.

World Bank, (2012). Project Appraisal Document on a Proposed Grant from The Global Environment Facility Trust Fund in The Amount of US$3.5 Million to The Republic of Cameroon for The Conservation and Sustainable Management Within the Ngoyla-

Mintom Forest Project.

World Congress on Communication for Development (2006). Lessons, Challenges, and the Way Forward (http://www.fao.org/3/a-ai143e.pdf ) Accessed 24/04/2017 http://www.wwf-congobasin.org/where_we_work/cameroon/ngoyla_mintom_cfm/ accessed 10/03/2016

Yin, R. K. (2009). Case Study Research: Design and Methods. 2nd Edition. SAGE