‘Memory is the Force of Resistance’: An Other Politics Through Spatial Commemoration Embodied in the San José de Apartadó Peace Community in Apartadó, Colombia
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Feb 26, 2019
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Aug 1, 2018
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Courtheyn, C. (2018). ‘Memory is the Force of Resistance’:: An Other Politics Through Spatial Commemoration Embodied in the San José de Apartadó Peace Community in Apartadó, Colombia. Polisemia, 14(25), 58–82. https://doi.org/10.26620/uniminuto.polisemia.14.25.2018.58-82
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Abstract
Memory scholars have shown that it is an embodied and material practice able to generate fairer possible futures, and that peaces is a politicized, context-specific process. Yet, what is the real contribution of memory to peace building by social movements? The San José de Apartadó Peace Community is a group of small-scaled farmers based in Urabá, a Colombian region devastated by war. This paper is a study of commemorative pilgrimages to massacre sites by community members, and of the stones with the victims’ names painted on them. The authors carried out a fifteen-month ethnographic research in Colombia between 2011 and 2014, following the participant observation methodology. They also conducted 49 interviews, and studied the relationship between these space-embodied practices and the community’s resistance to armed conflict, as well as its peace-construction process. I state that such ways of materialization encourage essential aspects for the construction of an autonomist “Other Politics” including solidarity with partners; the movilization of the body in the space to defend life and land; reflection, education and continuous strategic planning to strengthen the community’s cohesion and organization. After integrating the studies on the practice of memory, the geographies of peace and social movements, I describe how the commemoration of massacres in San José de Apartadó by the Peace Community, as well as the stones they collect, express their rejection to vindictive violence. Instead, they build an alternative, transformative and emancipatory politics, on the grounds of internal and external solidarity.
References
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Guha, R. (1983). Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Gutiérrez, R. (2012). The Rhythms of the Pachakuti: Brief Reflections Regarding How We Have Come to Know Emancipatory Struggles and the Significance of the Term Social Emancipation. South Atlantic Quarterly, 111(1), 51–64.
Hall, R., Edelman, M., Borras, S. M., Scoones, I., White, B., & Wolford, W. (2015). Resistance, acquiescence or incorporation? An introduction to land grabbing and political reactions “from below.” The Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(3-4), 467–488.
Hallward, P. (2011). Fanon and political will. Cosmos and History, 7(1), 104–127.
Holland, D., & Gómez Correal, D. (2013). Assessing the Transformative Significance of Movements & Activism: Lessons from A Postcapitalist Politics. Critical Practice Studies, 14(2), 130–159.
Inwood, J., & Tyner, J. (2011). Geography’s pro-peace agenda: An unfinished project. Acme, 10(3), 442–457.
Koopman, S. (2008). Imperialism Within: Can the Master’s Tools Bring Down Empire? ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 7(2), 283–307.
Koopman, S. (2011). Alter-geopolitics: Other securities are happening. Geoforum, 42(3), 274–284.
Koopman, S. (2014). Making space for peace: international protective accompaniment in Colombia. In F. McConnell, N. Megoran, & P. Williams (Eds.), Geographies of Peace (pp. 109–130). New York: I.B. Tauris.
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Alexander Craft, R. (2008). ¡Los gringos vienen! (The Gringos are Coming!): Female Respectability and the Politics of Congo Tourist Presentations in Portobelo, Panamá. Transforming Anthropology, 16(1), 20-31
Aparicio, J. R. (2012). Rumores, residuos y Estado en “la mejor esquina de Sudamérica”:Una cartografía de lo “humanitario” en Colombia. Bogotá: Ediciones Uniandes.
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Bernard-Donals, M., & Glejzer, R. (2001). Between Witness and Testimony: The Holocaust and the Limits of Representation. New York: State University of New York Press.
Bosco, F. J. (2004). Human rights politics and scaled performances of memory: conflicts among the Madres de Plaza de Mayo in Argentina. Social & Cultural Geography, 5(3), 381–402.
Bosco, F. J. (2006). The Madres de Plaza de Mayo and Three Decades of Human Rights’ Activism: Embeddedness, Emotions, and Social Movements. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 96(2), 342–365.
Brown, W. (1995). States of Injury: Power and Freedom in late modernity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Buenaventura, Rafael. (2011). Hope for Colombia: The Grace Pilgrimage 2010 Bogotá. Documentary film. Portugal: Grace Media Productions. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8vhh5KNnrxA&list=UUe8-23wgIRspP8paQif-6Vg&index=15.
Butler, J. (2004). Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An essay in phenomenology and feminist theory. In H. Bial (Ed.), The Performance Studies Reader (pp.154–166). New York: Routledge.
Casas-Cortés, M. I., Osterweil, M., & Powell, D. E. (2008). Blurring Boundaries: Recognizing Knowledge-Practices in the Study of Social Movements. Anthropology Quarterly, 81(1), 17–59.
Ceceña, A. E. (2012). On the Complex Relation between Knowledges and Emancipations. South Atlantic Quarterly, 111(1), 111–132.
Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó. (2010, February 21). Muertes anunciadas y responsabilidades del Gobierno y del Estado. Recuperado Marz 25, 2015, de http:// historico.cdpsanjose.org/?q=node/158
Conquergood, D. (2002). Performance Studies: Interventions and Radical Research. The Drama Review, 46(2), 145–156.
Courtheyn, C. (2016). Comunidad de Paz: Una paz “otra” en San José de Apartadó-Colombia. Polisemia, 22, 55–72.
Courtheyn, C. (2017). Peace geographies: Expanding from modern-liberal peace to radical trans-relational peace. Progress in Human Geography. http://doi.org/10.1177/0309132517727605
Dávalos, P. (2011). La democracia disciplinaria: el proyecto posneoliberal para América Latina. Bogotá: Ediciones desde abajo.
Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (1988). A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Denis, R. (2012). The Birth of an “Other Politics” in Venezuela. South Atlantic Quarterly, 111(1), 81–93.
Depelchin, J. (2011). Reclaiming African History. Oxford: Pambazuka Press.
Dowler, L., & Sharp, J. (2001). A Feminist Geopolitics? Space & Polity, 5(3), 165–176.
Escobar, A. (2008). Territories of difference: place, movements, life, redes. Durham: Duke University Press
Esteva, G. (2005). Celebration of Zapatismo. Humboldt Journal of Social Relations,
29(1), 127–167.
Fanon, F. (2004). The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press.
Fanon, F. (2008). Black Skin, White Masks. New York: Grove Press.
Federici, S. (2010). Feminism and the Politics of the Commons in the Era of Primitive Accumulation. In Team Colors Collective (Ed.), Uses of a Whirlwind: Movement, Movements, and Contemporary Radical Currents in the United States (pp. 283–293).Oakland: AK Press.
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Giraldo Moreno, S.J., J. (2010). Fusil o Toga, Toga y Fusil: El Estado Contra la Comunidad de Paz de San José de Apartadó. Bogotá: Editorial Códice.
Gómez Correal, D. M. (2012). Enfrentando el pasado, pensando el presente e imaginand o otros futuros. In V. Argoty Pulido & D. M. Gómez Correal (Eds.), Hescuela: Desaprendiendo para Liberar (pp. 239–261). Hijos e Hijas por la memoria y contra la impunidad y United States Institute of Peace.
Gómez Correal, D. M. (2015). Of Love, Blood and the Belly: The Politicization of Intimate Ties of Caring and Belonging in Colombia. Doctoral Dissertation. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Gregory, D. (2010). War and peace. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 35(2), 154–186. Grupo Acontecimiento. (2012). The Affirmation of an Other Politics of Emancipation. South Atlantic Quarterly, 111(1), 29–49.
Guha, R. (1983). Elementary Aspects of Peasant Insurgency in Colonial India. Delhi: Oxford University Press.
Gutiérrez, R. (2012). The Rhythms of the Pachakuti: Brief Reflections Regarding How We Have Come to Know Emancipatory Struggles and the Significance of the Term Social Emancipation. South Atlantic Quarterly, 111(1), 51–64.
Hall, R., Edelman, M., Borras, S. M., Scoones, I., White, B., & Wolford, W. (2015). Resistance, acquiescence or incorporation? An introduction to land grabbing and political reactions “from below.” The Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(3-4), 467–488.
Hallward, P. (2011). Fanon and political will. Cosmos and History, 7(1), 104–127.
Holland, D., & Gómez Correal, D. (2013). Assessing the Transformative Significance of Movements & Activism: Lessons from A Postcapitalist Politics. Critical Practice Studies, 14(2), 130–159.
Inwood, J., & Tyner, J. (2011). Geography’s pro-peace agenda: An unfinished project. Acme, 10(3), 442–457.
Koopman, S. (2008). Imperialism Within: Can the Master’s Tools Bring Down Empire? ACME: An International E-Journal for Critical Geographies, 7(2), 283–307.
Koopman, S. (2011). Alter-geopolitics: Other securities are happening. Geoforum, 42(3), 274–284.
Koopman, S. (2014). Making space for peace: international protective accompaniment in Colombia. In F. McConnell, N. Megoran, & P. Williams (Eds.), Geographies of Peace (pp. 109–130). New York: I.B. Tauris.
Laing, A. F. (2012). Beyond the Zeitgeist of “Post-neoliberal” Theory in Latin America: The Politics of Anti-colonial Struggles in Bolivia. Antipode, 44(4), 1051–1054.
Legg, S. (2007). Reviewing geographies of memory/forgetting. Environment and Planning A, 39, 456–466.
Loyd, J. M. (2012). Geographies of Peace and Antiviolence. Geography Compass, 6(8), 477–489.
Madison, D. S. (2010). Acts of Activism: Human Rights as Radical Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Madison, D. S. (2012). Critical Ethnography: Method, Ethics, and Performance (2nded.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications.
Maestre, D. (2012). Conversando sobre la memoria, o mejor, escuchando al viejo Lionso sobre qué es la memoria. In V. Argoty Pulido & D. M. Gómez Correal (Eds.), Hescuela: Desaprendiendo para Liberar (pp. 111–114). Hijos e Hijas por la memoria y contra la impunidad y United States Institute of Peace.
Mahony, L., & Eguren, L. E. (1997). Unarmed bodyguards: International accompaniment for the protection of human rights. West Hartford, Conn.: Kumarian Press.
McConnell, F., N, Megoran, N., & Williams, P. (eds.). (2014). Geographies of Peace. New York: I.B. Tauris.
Megoran, N. (2011). War and peace? An agenda for peace research and practice in geography. Political Geography, 30(4), 178–189.Mills, A. (2010). Streets of Memory: Landscape, Tolerance, and National Identity in Istanbul. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.
Muzaini, H. (2013). Scale politics, vernacular memory and the preservation of the Green Ridge battlefield in Kampar, Malaysia. Social & Cultural Geography, 14(4), 389–409.
Newton, H. P. (2002). Intercommunalism: February 1971. In D. Hilliard & D. Wise (Eds.), The Huey P. Newton Reader (pp. 181–199). New York: Seven Stories Press.
Nietzsche, F. (2008). On the Genealogy of Morals. (D. Smith, Ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Nyong’o, T. (2009). The Amalgamation Waltz: Race, Performance, and the Ruses of Memory. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Oliver, K. (2001). Witnessing: beyond recognition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Pollock, D. (2005). Introduction: Remembering. In D. Pollock (Ed.), Remembering: Oral History Performance (pp. 1–17). New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Reyes, Á. (2012a). On Fanon’s Manichean Delirium. The Black Scholar, 42(3-4), 13–20.
Reyes, Á. (2012b). Revolutions in the Revolutions: A Post-counterhegemonic Moment for Latin America. South Atlantic Quarterly, 111(1), 1–27.
Reyes, Á. (2015). Zapatismo: other geographies circa “the end of the world.” Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 33(3), 408–424.
Ricoeur, P. (2004). Memory, History, Forgetting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Romero, M. (2006). Paramilitares, narcotráfico y contrainsurgencia: Una experiencia para no repetir. In F. Leal Buitrago (Ed.), En la encrucijada. Colombia en el siglo XXI (pp. 357–385). Bogotá: Grupo Editorial Norma.
Routledge, P. (2008). Anti-Geopolitics. In J. Agnew, K. Mitchell, & G. Toal (Eds.), A Companion to Political Geography (pp. 236–248). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Saltzman, L. (2006). Making Memory Matter: Strategies of Remembrance in Contemporary Art. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Simon, R. I., Rosenberg, S., & Eppert, C. (2000). Between Hope and Despair: The Pedagogical Encounter of Historical Remembrance. In R. I. Simon, S. Rosenberg, & C. Eppert (Eds.), Between Hope and despair: Pedagogy and the Remembrance of Historical Trauma (pp. 1–8). Landham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.
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